Harvesting Bacterial Cellulose from Kitchen Waste to Prepare Superhydrophobic Aerogel for Recovering Waste Cooking Oil toward a Closed-Loop Biorefinery
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC), harvested from the hydrolysate of starch-rich solid in kitchen waste (KW), was employed to prepare a superhydrophobic stearic acid (SA)-modified BC aerogel (S-BCA) for cooking oil adsorption. S-BCA achieved some distinct differences in the porous structure, surface wettability, mechanical property, and oil-adsorption capacity as affected by the modifier of SA concentration. 3% SA for BC modification can be a suitable strategy because the SA-coated S-BCA surface can be formed properly without excessive blocking of internal pores. The “thermal switch” mechanism by thermal activation at 90 °C achieved an efficient oil desorption through breaking the hydrogen bonds between BC and SA. S-BCA displayed a rapid oil-adsorption equilibrium within ∼30 s, a considerable saturated-oil-adsorption capacity of 48.2 g/g, and a superior recyclability for at least 10 cycles with the remaining 89% initial adsorption capacity. Herein, this work provides a new insight to construct a more sustainable biorefinery on KW through valorizing the starch-rich solid for the superhydrophobic BC preparation to efficiently recover the waste cooking oil.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it