Melatonin modulates acute cardiac muscle damage induced by carbon tetrachloride — involvement of oxidative damage, glutathione, and arginine and nitric oxide metabolism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of melatonin (a single dose of 50 mg·kg–1), a naturally occurring polypharmacological molecule, in Wistar rats acutely exposed to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This was done for the first time by tracking different biochemical parameters that reflect rat heart antioxidative and oxidative capacities, nitric oxide and arginine metabolism, and the glutathione cycle. Additionally, the extrinsic apoptosis pathway related parameters were studied. Acute exposure to CCl4 led to an increase in the studied tissue oxidant parameters (hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and carbonylated protein content), as well as the activity alteration of antioxidant (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase) and glutathione-metabolizing (glutathione peroxidase, S-transferase, and reductase) enzymes. Furthermore, CCl4 caused a disturbance in the tissue myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, citrulline, arginase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase content and activities and in two apoptosis-related parameters, caspase-3 and FAS ligand. Melatonin as a post-treatment prevented the changes induced by CCl4 to a differing extent, and in some cases, it was so potent that it completely abolished any tissue disturbances. This study is a promising starting point for further research directed to the development of melatonin treatment in cardiac tissue associated diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".