Generation and Use of Lignin-<i>g</i>-AMPS in Extended DLVO Theory for Evaluating the Flocculation of Colloidal Particles
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, Kraft lignin (KL) was polymerized with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) to generate an anionic water-soluble KL-g-AMPS polymer. The effects of reaction conditions on the charge density of polymers were evaluated to induce lignin-based polymers with the highest anionic charge density. The optimal process conditions were 2.5 mol/mol AMPS/lignin, 0.6 g/g solid/water ratio, 2.0 initiator/lignin weight ratio, 80 °C, 120 min, and pH 1.5, which yielded KL-g-AMPS with the anionic charge density of 4.28 mequiv/g and the grafting ratio of 285%. The chemical structure and compositions of the polymers were confirmed by 1H NMR and elemental analysis. The flocculation performance of the polymer was evaluated in an aluminum oxide suspension, and its performance was compared with that of a homopolymer of AMPS produced under the same conditions. In addition, the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) theory was applied to study the flocculation mechanism of the polymers and alumina particles. The results revealed that electrostatic interaction was found to be the dominant force in this flocculation process.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it