Finite element analysis and design of cold-formed steel built-up closed columns with flange and web intermediate stiffeners
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a finite element analysis (FEA) and design of cold-formed steel built-up closed sections with intermediate stiffeners in the flange and web under axial compression. A finite element model (FEM) was developed and validated using the available experimental results. The validated FEM can be used for further parametric study on strength of built-up closed columns. The results obtained from the parametric study are compared with the current direct strength method (DSM) in the North American specification of cold-formed steel structures for those specimens that failed by only local, distortional, and flexural buckling. It is shown that the current DSM is not quite suitable for the design of cold-formed steel built-up closed columns. Therefore, the improved design equations are proposed by modifying the current design equations used in the DSM for flexural, local, and distortional buckling. The reliability of current DSM and proposed DSM was assessed by reliability analysis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it