Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin requires mutations in two Plutella xylostella ATP-binding cassette transporter paralogs
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a cosmopolitan pest and the first species to develop field resistance to toxins from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Although previous work has suggested that mutations of ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily C2 (ABCC2) or C3 (ABCC3) genes can confer Cry1Ac resistance, here we reveal that P. xylostella requires combined mutations in both PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 to achieve high-level Cry1Ac resistance, rather than simply a mutation of either gene. We identified natural mutations of PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 that concurrently occurred in a Cry1Ac-resistant strain (Cry1S1000) of P. xylostella, with a mutation (RA2) causing the mis-splicing of PxABCC2 and another mutation (RA3) leading to the premature termination of PxABCC3. Genetic linkage analysis showed that RA2 and RA3 were tightly linked to Cry1Ac resistance. Introgression of RA2 and RA3 enabled a susceptible strain (G88) of P. xylostella to obtain high resistance to Cry1Ac, confirming that these genes confer resistance. To further support the role of PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 in Cry1Ac resistance, frameshift mutations were introduced into PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 singly and in combination in the G88 strain with CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutagenesis. Bioassays of CRISPR-based mutant strains, plus genetic complementation tests, demonstrated that the deletion of PxABCC2 or PxABCC3 alone provided < 4-fold tolerance to Cry1Ac, while disruption of both genes together conferred >8,000-fold resistance to Cry1Ac, suggesting the redundant/complementary roles of PxABCC2 and PxABCC3. This work advances our understanding of Bt resistance in P. xylostella by demonstrating mutations within both PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 genes are required for high-level Cry1Ac resistance.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it