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Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index Technique: A Case Study of Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq.

2020· article· en· W3048938887 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueIOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicGroundwater and Watershed Analysis
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGroundwaterWater qualityEnvironmental scienceWater resource managementRecreationIrrigationHydrology (agriculture)Index (typography)Quality (philosophy)Environmental engineeringEngineeringComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract The quality of groundwater is a global concern that is usually assessed using quality indices. The Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) alongside with Geographical Information system (GIS) were adopted to evaluate the quality of Kirkuk’s groundwater in terms of its suitability for drinking, irrigation, aquatic, recreational purposes, and livestock uses, in 60 wells within the time period of 2017 to 2019. The groundwater quality was assessed depending on Iraq’s and world health organization (WHO) guidelines. The Iraqi standards were used for drinking purposes. The WHO standards were used for irrigation, aquatic, recreational, and livestock purposes. Both standards were incorporated in CWQI Excel Spreadsheet to evaluate the groundwater quality for studied wells. Samples were collected and analyzed for 15 major parameters. According to the CWQI, groundwater samples obtained were classified as marginal in 2017 and 2018; while poor water for drinking was observed in 2019.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.039
Threshold uncertainty score0.995

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.050
GPT teacher head0.289
Teacher spread0.239 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it