A Comparative Study of Sulfate-Based Neutral pH Polymer Electrolytes: Effects of Temperature on Ionic Conductivity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ion-conducting properties of two neutral pH polymer electrolytes using polyacrylamide (PAM) with Li 2 SO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 ion conductors were studied and compared at various temperatures. Their electrochemical performance over temperatures was correlated to the respective thermal characteristics. Ion hopping was considered as the likely mechanism for both electrolytes at and above ambient temperatures, determined by their low activation energies for conduction. At elevated temperatures where both electrolytes contained fully solvated ions, the ionic conductivity was highly dependent on the mobility of its hydrated ions. While Na 2 SO 4 -PAM showed higher ionic conductivity than Li 2 SO 4 -PAM at elevated temperatures, the trend was reversed under sub-zero conditions. Cells with Li 2 SO 4 -PAM electrolyte maintained good capacitive behavior at −30 °C, whereas the cells with Na 2 SO 4 -PAM had a catastrophic loss of capacitance at low temperatures. The low temperature phenomenon was correlated to the formation of crystal hydrate with different amount of crystallized water, which affected the hopping sites for ion conduction differently. This understanding will provide insights for materials and operating conditions selections in the next generations of aqueous-based polymer electrolytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".