Thomas G. Young, Black Pragmatism,and the Routes of Social Democracy in New York City
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article traces the activist career of Thomas G. Young. A Caribbean migrant, elevator operator, and socialist militant, he co-founded Local 32B and organized thousands of building service workers in New York City into a union. His experience as an organizer and trade-union leader, however, led him to eschew revolutionary transformation in favor of social democracy during the late 1930s and 1940s. Young's pragmatic approach to the labour and civil rights movements crystallized a distinct political philosophy that the author calls Black social democracy. His political biography elucidates one possible route of Black social democracy in New York City. Abstract: Le présent article relate la carrière militante de Thomas G. Young. Émigrant caribéen, opérateur d'ascenseur et militant socialiste, il a cofondé la section locale 32B et a organisé la syndicalisation de milliers de travailleurs des services du bâtiment à New York. L'expérience qu'il a acquise en qualité d'organisateur et dirigeant syndical l'a cependant conduit à éviter la transformation révolutionnaire en faveur de la social-démocratie à la fin des années 1930 et au courant des années 1940. L'approche pragmatique de Young à l'endroit des mouvements syndicaux et des droits civiques a consolidé une philosophie politique distincte que l'auteur appelle la social-démocratie noire. Sa biographie politique élucide notamment une voie possible de la social-démocratie noire à New York.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".