Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Season That Almost Wasn't Dave Bohmer (bio) As the 1944 World Series ended, Ford Frick, President of the National League, was in a fairly optimistic mood. His league had just won the World Series, something he hadn't experienced often in his decade long tenure as its head. More importantly, as he looked ahead, there was good reason to believe the 1945 season would be secure. The struggles over the previous three years to keep the seasons going due to World War II seemed to be diminishing. Both the Germans and the Japanese militaries were in retreat, suggesting that both President Roosevelt and the War Office would be even less reluctant to allow the next season to take place. Further, even if the war hadn't been winding down, baseball had made significant monetary and playing equipment contributions to the war effort, and the playing of the games had certainly been a morale booster to the soldiers. Commissioner Landis was hospitalized, but there was every reason to think he would recuperate. The owners were even ready to extend his contract again. Frick had no way of knowing that Landis would soon die and the progress in the war would experience a major setback. Thus, he had no way of anticipating in October that the next season would be in serious jeopardy and that it would be his leadership that would ultimately save it. Since the emergence of the American League in 1901, modern baseball has experienced five seasons shorter that the intended schedule of games. World War I cut short both the 1918 and 1919 seasons. A "work or fight" order issued by the federal government saw a rapid loss of players during the 1918 season, causing the owners to cut it short at the end of August, proceeding directly to playing the World Series a month early. The following season started a week late, due to confusion on the part of baseball's magnates on when players would be able to return from the war, coupled with their concerns on whether fans would come back to the ballparks. The flu pandemic may have also affected the owners' concerns about the two seasons. While war was a direct cause of the first two shortened seasons, conflicts between players and owners precipitated the last three. The 1981 season was bifurcated, producing the only time the majors had winners from both halves of a season. In 1994, [End Page 25] the season ended abruptly in August when owners and players were unable to negotiate a new labor agreement. The World Series was not played for the first time since 1904, and the two sides carried their dispute through the winter and into the following spring. The 1995 season started later than planned, and then only due to the intervention of a federal judge. Nineteen ninety-five would be the last time any season was played with less than the full schedule of games, although, as this is written, it is unclear how the 2020 season will play out. While baseball has never missed a full season during the modern era, it did once come close. After surviving the first three seasons in which the United States was fully involved in World War II, the 1945 season suddenly appeared to be in serious jeopardy. During the 1942–44 seasons, President Roosevelt had been supportive of relative normalcy for baseball, with the understanding that major league players would be subject to both the draft and employment in war industries just the same as were other citizens. Many ballplayers were conscripted into the armed services, while others had volunteered even before being called to duty. Major League Baseball was also highly supportive of the war effort in numerous ways, foremost in not requesting special favors for its players. The government and the sport had achieved an equilibrium that allowed the game to continue, generally through seasonal exemptions for men in war-related industries, albeit without many of the caliber of players it had known before the war. As 1945 began, however, that accommodation between the government and baseball appeared to be in jeopardy. Just a few weeks earlier, there were few signs of...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.057 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".