Effects of Upper and Lower Limb Plyometric Training Program on Components of Physical Performance in Young Female Handball Players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effects of 10-week combined upper and lower plyometric training (ULPT) programs on components of physical performance in young female handball players. Methods: Participants aged 15.8 ± 0.2 years were randomly assigned between the experimental (EG; n=17) and control (CG; n=17) groups. Two-way analyses of performance (group x time) assessed changes in handgrip force, back extensor strength; medicine ball throwing, 30-m sprint times, change of direction (CoD) (Modified Illinois Modified test (Illinois-MT)), four jumping tests (squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), CMJ with aimed arms (CMJA) and five jump test (5JT), static and dynamic balance, and repeated sprint T-test scores (RSTT). Results: After 10-week training (2 sessions per week), the EG showed significant changes relative to CG in right and left handgrip force, back extensor strength and medicine ball throwing (p<0.001, d=1.51 (large) ; p<0.0001, d=0.85 (large) ; p<0.001, d=0.90 (large) ; p<0.0001, d=0.52 (meduim)) respectively). The EG also showed improvements in sprint times [5 m (p=0.02, d=0.80 (large)) ; 10 m (p<0.0001, d=1.00 (large); 20 m (p=0.02, d=1.41 (large)) and 30 m (p=0.02, d=2.60 (large))], CoD [Illinois-MT (p<0.001, d=1.58 (large))] and jumping [(SJ, CMJ, CMJA and 5JT, (p=0.001, d=0.87 (large); p<0.001, d=1.17 (large); p<0.001, d=1.15 (large); and p=0.006, d=0.71 (medium)) respectively]. Further, all RSTT scores (best time, mean time, total time and fatigue index) increased significantly, with group×time interactions varying between p<0.001 and p=0.049 (d value large to medium). However, balance did not differ significantly between EG and CG. Conclusion: We conclude that 10-week of ULPT improved many measures of physical performance in young female handball players relative to standard training (CG).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".