A Hatchet in “Lily-White Hands”: The Intricacies of Femininity at Private Girls’ Camps in Early Twentieth-Century Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article examines the social construction of upper-class white femininity at private Ontario girls’ camps in the 1920s and 1930s with specific focus on physical activity. Historically, prevailing social conceptions of what it means to be female has defined acceptable physical activity participation by girls. The daily life and activities at girls’ camps elucidates details of how girls’ camp both challenged and embraced early twentieth-century femininity. In these mostly female environments, although girls had the freedom to experiment with behaviors and activities outside the norm in the city, female camp directors held fast to some traditional ideals of femininity. Thus, the establishment of girls’ camps was both progressive and, at the same time, accommodated agreed-upon ideas about femininity. Using four of the oldest girls’ private camps in Ontario, this paper examines the intricacies of femininity during the early twentieth century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".