Engineering Solvation Complex–Membrane Interaction to Suppress Cation Crossover in 3 V Cu‐Al Battery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metal-metal batteries such as the 3 V Cu-Al system are highly desirable for large-scale energy storage owing to their low cost and excellent scalability of Cu and Al foils. However, the dissolved Cu cations will crossover from the cathode to the anode leading to poor electrochemical performance. In this work, it is demonstrated that the reversibility of the Cu-Al battery depends strongly on the interaction of the Cu ions with the electrolyte solvent and subsequently the affinity of the solvated Cu ion with the membrane separator. Specifically, a series of common carbonate-based electrolyte solvents are investigated via molecular dynamics and contact angle measurements to understand the interaction between the solvents and a polypropylene (PP) membrane, as well as that between cations and solvent. Among different solvents, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is shown to drastically enhance the coulombic efficiency to 97%, compared to that of 27% with dimethyl carbonate. Remarkable cyclability of a 3 V Cu-Al battery with 3 m LiTFSI FEC and PP membrane up to 1000 cycles is further demonstrated. This finding opens new opportunities for the development of low-cost, high performance Cu-Al systems for stationary applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".