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Multimessenger Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Coincidence Alerts Using HAWC and IceCube Subthreshold Data
H. A. Ayala Solares, S. Coutu, James DeLaunay, D. B. Fox, T. Grégoire, A. Keivani, F. Krauß, M. Mostafá, Kohta Murase, Colin Turley, A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Álvarez, José Roberto Ángeles Camacho, J. C. Arteaga‐Velázquez, K. P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, E. Belmont‐Moreno, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, U. Cotti, E. De la Fuente, R. Díaz Hernández, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, Mora Durocher, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, C. Espinoza, Kwok Lung Fan, Henrike Fleischhack, N. Fraija, A. Galván-Gaméz, D. García, J. A. García-González, F. Garfias, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, J. P. Harding, B. Hona, D. Huang, F. Hueyotl‐Zahuantitla, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, Vishal Joshi, H. León Vargas, J. Linnemann, A. L. Longinotti, G. Luis-Raya, J. Lundeen, K. Malone, O. Martı́nez, I. Martínez-Castellanos, J. Martínez-Castro, P. Miranda-Romagnoli, E. Moreno, L. Nellen, M. Newbold, M. U. Nisa, R. Noriega-Papaqui, Alison Peisker, E. G. Pérez‐Pérez, Chang Dong Rho, D. Rosa‐González, F. Salesa Greus, A. Sandoval, A. J. Smith, R. W. Springer, Kirsten Tollefson, I. Torres, R. Torres-Escobedo, F. Ureña-Mena, L. Villaseñor, T. Weisgarber, E. Willox, A. Zepeda, H. Zhou, C. de León, M. G. Aartsen, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, Cyril Martin Alispach, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, J. Auffenberg, Spencer Axani, H. Bagherpour, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, Anastasia Maria Barbano, S. W. Barwick, Benjamin Bastian, Vedant Basu, V. Baum, S. Baur, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, C. Böhm, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, Etienne Bourbeau, J. Bourbeau, Federica Bradascio, J. Braun, S. Bron, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, A. Burgman, J. Büscher, Raffaela Busse, T. Carver, C. Chen, E. Cheung, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, K. Clark, Lew Classen, Alan Coleman, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, Paul Coppin, Pablo Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, Pranav Dave, C. De Clercq, H.-P. Dembinski, Kunal Deoskar, S. De Ridder, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, Sukeerthi Dharani, A. Diaz, Hrvoje Dujmović, M. Dunkman, Emily Dvorak, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Eller, R. Engel, P. A. Evenson, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, J. Felde, Aaron Fienberg, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, A. Franckowiak, Edward Friedman, Alexander Fritz, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, S. Garrappa, L. Gerhardt, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, J. G. González, D. Grant, Z. Griffith, Spencer Griswold, M. Günder, Mehmet Gündüz, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, R. Halliday, L. Halve, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, John Hardin, A. Haungs, Simon Hauser, D. Hebecker, D. Heereman, P. Heix, K. Helbing, R. Hellauer, Felix Henningsen, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, Tobias Hoinka, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, M. E. Huber, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Hünnefeld, Raamis Hussain, S. In, N. Iovine, A. Ishihara, Matti Jansson, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, B. J. P. Jones, F. Jonske, R. Joppe, Woosik Kang, A. Kappes, David Kappesser, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, Moritz Kellermann, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kim, Ken'ichi Kin, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, T. Kittler, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, M. Kowalski, K. Krings, G. Krückl, N. Kulacz, N. Kurahashi, A. Kyriacou, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Y. Li, Qinrui Liu, Elisa Lohfink, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, Andrew Ludwig, J. Lünemann, William Luszczak, W. Y., J. Madsen, G. Maggi, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, P. Mallik, Sarah Mancina, Ioana Codrina Mariş, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, R. Maunu, Frank McNally, K. Meagher, M. Medici, Andrés Medina, Maximilian Meier, S. Meighen-Berger, J. Merz, T. Meures, Jessie Micallef, D. Mockler, G. Momenté, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, P. Muth, R. Nagai, Uwe Naumann, G. Neer, Le Viet Nguyen, Hans Niederhausen, Sarah Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, M. Oehler, A. Olivas, A. O’Murchadha, Erin O’Sullivan, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, N. Park, Grant Parker, Ek Narayan Paudel, P. Peiffer, C. Pérez de los Heros, Saskia Philippen, D. Pieloth, Sarah Pieper, E. Pinat, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Yuriy Popovych, Alessio Porcelli, Maria Prado Rodriguez, P. B. Price, G. T. Przybylski, Christoph Raab, Amirreza Raissi, M. Rameez, L. Rauch, K. Rawlins, I. C. Rea, Abdul Rehman, R. Reimann, B. Relethford, M. Renschler, Giovanni Renzi, E. Resconi, W. Rhode, M. Richman, Benedikt Riedel, S. Robertson, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, I. Safa, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, J. Sandroos, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, K. Satalecka, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Merlin Schaufel, H. Schieler, P. Schlunder, T. Schmidt, A. Schneider, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, S. Shefali, M. Silva, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, Jan Soedingrekso, Dennis Soldin, M. Song, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, Todor Stanev, Robert Stein, J. Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, R. G. Stokstad, N. L. Strotjohann, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, F. Tenholt, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, S. Tilav, Lenka Tomankova, Christoph Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, Alexander Trettin, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, Roxanne Turcotte, B. Ty, E. Unger, Martin Unland Elorrieta, M. Usner, J. Vandenbroucke, W. Van Driessche, D. van Eijk, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, Stef Verpoest, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, A. Wallace, M. Wallraff, T. B. Watson, Ch. Weaver, A. Weindl, Matthew J. Weiss, Jan Weldert, C. Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, B. J. Whelan, N. Whitehorn, K. Wiebe, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, L. Wills, Martin Wolf, T. R. Wood, K. Woschnagg, Gerrit Wrede, Johan Wilfried Wulff, Xiaolin Xu, Y. Xu, J. P. Yanez, S. Yoshida, Tianlu Yuan, Z. Zhang, M. Zöcklein
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Astrophysical Journal · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of AlbertaSnolab
FundersJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaInstitute for Computational and Data Sciences, Pennsylvania State UniversityLos Alamos National LaboratoryOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsChiba UniversityInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de PueblaKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseCoordinación de la Investigación CientíficaVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekChulalongkorn UniversityMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungDanmarks GrundforskningsfondSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungLaboratory Directed Research and DevelopmentNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronGeneralitat ValencianaPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity of OxfordCompute CanadaMarquette UniversityVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonNational Research FoundationMichigan State University
KeywordsPhysicsCherenkov radiationNeutrinoObservatoryCoincidenceCosmic rayGamma rayCOSMIC cancer databaseAstronomyAstrophysicsDetectorParticle physics
Abstract
Abstract The High Altitude Water Cerenkov (HAWC) and IceCube observatories, through the Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON) framework, have developed a multimessenger joint search for extragalactic astrophysical sources. This analysis looks for sources that emit both cosmic neutrinos and gamma rays that are produced in photohadronic or hadronic interactions. The AMON system is running continuously, receiving subthreshold data (i.e., data that are not suited on their own to do astrophysical searches) from HAWC and IceCube, and combining them in real time. Here we present the analysis algorithm, as well as results from archival data collected between 2015 June and 2018 August, with a total live time of 3.0 yr. During this period we found two coincident events that have a false-alarm rate (FAR) of <1 coincidence yr–1, consistent with the background expectations. The real-time implementation of the analysis in the AMON system began on 2019 November 20 and issues alerts to the community through the Gamma-ray Coordinates Network with an FAR threshold of <4 coincidences yr–1.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.024
Threshold uncertainty score0.047
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.031
GPT teacher head0.264
Teacher spread0.233 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations15
Published2021
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes