Application of Duality-Based Equivalent Circuits for Modeling Multilimb Transformers Using Alternative Input Parameters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The principle of duality is applied for electromagnetic transient (EMT) modeling of industry scale (i.e. 50, 390 MVA) multilimb transformers. While saturation, hysteresis, deep-saturation, and remanent flux are accounted for, the need for transformer internal design information such as core dimension or material is eliminated. This is achieved by formulating the equivalent circuits with an alternative set of parameters that are either provided by the manufacturer or can be determined using conventional techniques. Open-circuit tests confirm that the models produce accurate excitation currents at different saturation levels when compared with measurement results. Furthermore, the models facilitate correct short-circuit condition with support for arbitrary number of windings. Upon validating the models, inrush current is simulated and the worst-case scenario is determined due to potential remanent flux values. The findings agree with an established EMT simulation model as well as manufacturer analytical approximations. Simulated hysteresis loops are also investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".