Cooperative Software-hardware Acceleration of K-means on a Tightly Coupled CPU-FPGA System
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider software-hardware acceleration of K-means clustering on the Intel Xeon+FPGA platform. We design a pipelined accelerator for K-means and combine it with CPU threads to assess performance benefits of (1) acceleration when data are only accessed from system memory and (2) cooperative CPU-FPGA acceleration. Our evaluation shows that the accelerator is up to 12.7×/2.4× faster than a single CPU thread for the assignment/update step of K-means. The cooperative use of threads and FPGA is roughly 1.9× faster than CPU threads alone or the FPGA by itself. Our approach delivers 4×–5× higher throughput compared to existing offload processing approaches.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it