Multiple Access in Cell-Free Networks: Outage Performance, Dynamic Clustering, and Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Design
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In future cell-free (or cell-less) wireless networks, a large number of devices in a geographical area will be served simultaneously in non-orthogonal multiple access scenarios by a large number of distributed access points (APs), which coordinate with a centralized processing pool. For such a centralized cell-free network with static predefined beamforming design, we first derive a closed-form expression of uplink outage probability for a user/device. To reduce the complexity of joint processing of received signals in presence of a large number of devices and APs, we propose a novel dynamic cell-free network architecture. In this architecture, the distributed APs are clustered (i.e. partitioned) among a set of subgroups with each subgroup acting as a virtual AP in a distributed antenna system (DAS). The conventional static cell-free network is a special case of this dynamic cell-free network when the cluster size is one. For this dynamic cell-free network, we propose a successive interference cancellation (SIC)-enabled signal detection method and an inter-user-interference (IUI)-aware receive diversity combining scheme. We then formulate the general problem of clustering the APs and designing the beamforming vectors with an objective such as maximizing the sum rate or maximizing the minimum rate. To this end, we propose a hybrid deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model, namely, a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-deep double Q-network (DDQN) model to solve the optimization problem for online implementation with low complexity. The DRL model for sum-rate optimization significantly outperforms that for maximizing the minimum rate in terms of average per-user rate performance. Also, in our system setting, the proposed DDPG-DDQN scheme is found to achieve around 78% of the rate achievable through an exhaustive search-based design.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it