A Novel Role of Growth Differentiation Factor (GDF)-15 in Overlap with Sedentary Lifestyle and Cognitive Risk in COPD
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sedentary behavior and cognitive impairment have a direct impact on patients’ outcomes. An energy metabolic disorder may be involved in the overlap of these comorbid conditions (motoric cognitive risk (MCR)) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to explore the linkage between a proapoptotic protein, growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, and MCR. Physical activity (PA), cognitive function (Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: MOCA-J), and the serum GDF-15 levels were assessed in healthy subjects (n = 14), asthmatics (n = 22), and COPD patients (n = 28). In the entire cohort, serum GDF-15 had negative correlations with exercise (Ex) (ρ = −0.43, p < 0.001) and MoCA-J (ρ = −0.44, p < 0.001), and Ex and MOCA-J showed a positive correlation (ρ = 0.52, p < 0.0001). Compared to healthy subjects and asthmatics, COPD patients showed the highest serum GDF-15 levels and had a significantly higher proportion of subjects with MCR (both sedentary lifestyle (EX < 1.5) and cognitive risk (MoCA-J ≤ 25)). Also, we found that serum GDF-15 has a screening potential (100% sensitivity) greater than aging (67% sensitivity) for detecting MCR in COPD patients. In conclusion, higher serum GDF-15 had interrelationships with a sedentary lifestyle and cognitive risk. This protein was not disease-specific but could be a screening biomarker to detect MCR related to poor health outcomes of COPD patients.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it