EVALUATION OF UNet AND UNet++ ARCHITECTURES IN HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGE CHANGE DETECTION APPLICATIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Change detection applications from satellite imagery can be a very useful tool in monitoring human activities and understanding their interaction with the physical environment. In the past few years most of the recent research approaches to automatic change detection have been based on the application of Deep Learning techniques and especially on variations of Convolutional Neural Network architectures due to their great representational capacity and their state-of-the-art performance in visual tasks such as image classification and semantic segmentation. In this work we train and evaluate two CNN architectures, UNet and UNet++, on a change detection task using Very High-Resolution satellite images collected at two different time epochs. We also examine and analyse the effect of two different loss functions, a combination of the Binary Cross Entropy Loss with the Dice Loss, and the Lovász Hinge loss, both of which were specifically designed for semantic segmentation applications. Finally, we experiment with the use of data augmentation as well as deep supervision techniques to evaluate and quantify their contribution in the final classification performance of the different network architectures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".