Ice premelting layer of ice–rubber friction studied using resonance shear measurement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed a resonance shear measurement (RSM) based on a low-temperature surface force apparatus to evaluate the frictional properties of the interface between butadiene rubber and ice at various temperatures below 0 °C. Friction between the rubber and ice was high and constant at temperatures below -5 °C, but sharply decreased when the temperature rose above -5 °C. We performed the same measurement by replacing the rubber with polystyrene and silica films which were rigid and exhibited practically minimal elastic deformation in comparison to the rubber. The friction decreased gradually with the increase in temperature from -20 °C to 0 °C at both the polystyrene-ice and the silica-ice interfaces. These results indicated that the elasticity of rubber was responsible for the differences in the rubber-ice interface and the other two samples. To understand the detailed mechanism of friction between the rubber and the ice, we analyzed the obtained RSM data using a physical model. The result indicated that the friction between ice and rubber was determined by the elastic deformation of the rubber film at temperatures below -5 °C, and by the viscosity of the ice premelting layer above -5 °C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".