Deformation of copper single crystals to large strains at 4.2 K
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the dislocation substructure developed in high-purity single crystals of Cu deformed at 4.2 K have been carried out in order to relate the detailed defect structures to the mechanical and electrical properties discussed in part I. The results based on weak-beam TEM show that the dislocation substructure contains a very high density of narrow dislocation dipoles of vacancy character. These dipoles become progressively refined in scale as deformation continues. In-situ annealing experiments carried out in the transmission electron microscope allow the stability of these structures against annealing at room temperature and elevated temperatures to be studied. The observations suggest that fine dislocation dipoles can be annealed by processes such as pipe diffusion and that these defects represent the recoverable component of electrical resistivity. For comparison some studies were undertaken in Cu-5 at.% Ni single crystals which indicate that the recoverable component of resistivity in this alloy is smaller owing to the influence of the Ni on the pipe diffusion process. In addition, TEM studies indicate the complexity of processes occurring at the twin-parent interfaces produced in Cu deformed at 4.2 K. These interfaces have an important role in debris storage and in processes that can occur after large plastic strains at 4.2 K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".