Handling and Stability Analysis of Vehicles Towing a Trailer with no Brakes or Suspension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence of suspension and brakes on a trailer can be important to safe handling when it is being towed by another vehicle.In most jurisdictions, there are limits specifying permissible gross weights for trailers without brakes.In Canada, waivers can be obtained for towing heavier trailers without brakes under certain conditions.In this study, NRC evaluated the performance characteristics of three vehicles towing a trailer with no brakes or suspension that had a mass of just over 5000 lbs., which is significantly greater than the typical provincial 3000 lbs.limit for trailers without brakes.The commercially available multibody dynamics software package TruckSim was used to build models for simulating standard manoeuvres to determine key performance measures for the tow vehicle and trailer combinations.The standard manoeuvres included a high-speed turn, a low-speed turn, a high-speed lane change, hard braking, and low-speed drives over bumps on straight and curved roads.Performance measures, which included various off-tracking values, static roll threshold, load transfer ratio, friction demand, lateral friction utilization, rearward amplification and rear outswing, were calculated for manoeuvres performed on a combination of low and high friction surfaces.Full scale physical testing of one tow vehicle and trailer combination was undertaken for the purpose of model tuning and validation.The analysis of the results from the validated models consisted of comparing the performance measures for each vehicle towing the trailer against known standards and against each other.It was determined that braking distance limits specified by FMVSS and CMVSS were met for the two larger vehicles when towing the trailer, but not for the smallest vehicle.Adding a brake package to the trailer would be recommended when towed by the smallest vehicle.It was also determined that the lack of suspension makes the trailer susceptible to roll instabilities when driven over uneven surfaces, regardless of the towing vehicle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".