Using Sulfobutylated and Sulfomethylated Lignin as Dispersant for Kaolin Suspension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kraft lignin is an abundant natural resource, but it is underutilized. In this study, sulfoalkylated lignin derivatives with similar charge densities but with different alkyl chain length were produced via sulfobutylation and sulfomethylation reactions. The contact angle studies revealed that sulfobutylated lignin (SBL) with longer alkyl chains had a higher hydrophobicity than sulfomethylated lignin (SML) did. The adsorption behavior of sulfoalkylated lignins was studied using a Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) on Al2O3 coated surface as representative of positively charged sites of kaolin particles. The results of adsorption studies showed that SBL deposited more greatly than SML did on the Al2O3 surface, and it generated a thicker but less viscoelastic adlayer on the surface. The adlayer thickness and configuration of molecules on the surface were also related to the zeta potential and stabilization performance of the polymers in the kaolin suspension system. The results also confirmed that both lignin derivatives were very effective in dispersing kaolin particles at neutral pH, and their effectiveness was hampered under alkaline or acidic pH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".