Enhancing the Science Return of Landed X-ray Spectrometers on the Mars Rovers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers (APXS) have flown on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity as well as the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity. The APXS was designed and calibrated for in situ interrogation of solid martian samples through the use of complementary particle-induced X-ray emission and X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques. Its compact and robust design, combined with low power and data demand, further suit the APXS instrument and method for lengthy missions to the surface of rocky bodies in our solar system. Since their three respective landings, the science derived from the latest APXS instruments has been expanded beyond its original scope through the integration of computational techniques and modest changes to how the instrument is utilized on Mars. We will discuss these new methods, operational considerations, as well as the enhanced science achieved, with a particular focus on the relevance and future application on the surface of Mars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".