High Pressure and High Temperature Flash-boiling Atomization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flash atomization is a technique to generate fine spray which can be used for effective heat and momentum transfer. Pressure and temperature of liquid are among the main parameters to control the process. Nucleation, bubble formation, and atomization are stages of this process. Rapid heating or rapid depressurizing is used to make the metastable fluid and eventually the spray. Comprehensive understanding of characteristics of the spray is essential for applications such as heating and fuel injection. Therefore, in this research the effect of superheat degree on atomization was evaluated. Moreover, the effect of pressure and temperature of the fluid on spray characteristics were studied. The spray shape, breakup length, and spray angles were experimentally investigated to provide a better understanding and interpretation of observations. The result showed that a distinct dense core was surrounded with a sheath of less dense spray. An interesting finding from high-speed imaging is that the spray pulsation is negligible. It seems a high-quality spray is achievable as a result of flash-boiling atomization at high pressure and high temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".