Growth of Calcium Carbonate Induced by Accelerated Carbonation of Tricalcium Silicate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accelerated carbonation is expected to be a potential technique for sustainable development of cement-based materials, where the strength is significantly increased in several hours and greenhouse gas CO2 is stored permanently. Tricalcium silicate (C3S) is the most dominant composition in Portland cement, and the investigation regarding the gas–solid carbonation process of pure C3S is beneficial for further in-depth understanding of carbonation of complex C3S-containing systems. Besides, the vital roles of calcium carbonate in promoting mechanical properties during the diagenesis process are proposed in terms of the calcite growth process induced by carbonation. Multitechnique approaches, such as carbonation heat (via isothermal calorimetry), Rietveld refinement, etc., suggested that rhombic calcite was covered by spherical nanoparticles, formed from the transformation of amorphous calcium carbonate, and the rate of reaction was controlled by the solution environment. The particle size of calcite increased greatly in the leveled reaction stage (i.e., stage III). A combined effect of the strong mechanical bond and lamellar stack formed among calcite particles compacted the microstructure significantly. Changes in the crystallite size (from 43.9 to 107.9 nm), particle size (from 302.2 to 2077.6 nm), thermodynamic stability, lattice volume, and bond length were observed during the growth process of calcite. These findings provide a possibility to control the polymorphs, microstructures, or specific particle sizes of calcium carbonate for industrial applications and are beneficial for understanding and imitation of diagenesis paths in natural processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".