Controlling and less controlling feeding practices are differentially associated with child food intake and appetitive behaviors assessed in a school environment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Child food intake and appetitive behaviors show an inconsistent pattern of associations with parental feeding practices. Relationships likely vary depending on parent feeding style, and on the method by which child eating behaviors are measured. OBJECTIVES: We tested relationships of controlling and less controlling forms of parental promotion and limitation of eating with food intake and appetitive behaviors assessed in preschoolers' normal school environments. METHODS: As part of a 5-day protocol, preschoolers consumed standardized lunches, and caloric compensation, eating rate and eating in the absence of hunger were assessed. Feeding practices were measured using the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) and Parent Feeding Styles Questionnaire (PFSQ). CFQ-Pressure to eat and CFQ-Restriction were controlling forms of promotion/limitation of child intake, and CFQ-Monitoring and PFSQ-Prompting to eat were less controlling forms. RESULTS: Children (3-5y, n = 70) of parents with higher CFQ-Pressure to eat scores showed lower total intake, consuming significantly fewer calories from bread, snacks and fruits and vegetables. Higher PFSQ-Prompting to eat was associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake only. CFQ-Restriction and CFQ-Monitoring scores were unassociated with food intake. Higher CFQ-Pressure to eat was associated with slower eating rate, while higher CFQ-Monitoring was associated with lower intake in absence of hunger. CONCLUSIONS: Parental promotion and limitation of intake were associated with preschoolers' eating behaviors assessed in an ecologically valid setting, without parents present. Controlling and less controlling forms showed differential patterns of associations. Results were consistent with child-to-parent and parent-to-child effects, but research using longitudinal designs is needed to test bidirectional relationships.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".