Zingerone produces antidiabetic effects and attenuates diabetic nephropathy by reducing oxidative stress and overexpression of NF-κB, TNF-α, and COX-2 proteins in rats
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by impaired insulin secretion or utilization, accompanied by hyperglycemia and glycosuria, as well as by a plethora of DM-induced complications, including nephropathy. The purpose of this investigation was 2-fold: to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of zingerone, and its protective effects against DM-induced nephropathy. It has been reported that oxidative stress is associated with DM and cellular nuclear factor (NF)-κB, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 proteins are overexpressed in DM-triggered nephropathy. The levels of these molecular biomarkers and renal functions were measured in zingerone treated diabetic animals. DM was produced in adult male Wistar rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide. Zingerone (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily to diabetic rats for 6 consecutive weeks. Significant increase in serum glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), urea, uric acid, creatinine, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was observed in diabetic rats. All these biochemical parameters were significantly reduced in zingerone treated animals in a dose-dependent manner. There was a marked increase in renal levels of thio-barbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), superoxide anion generation (SAG) and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) in diabetic rats. Whereas zingerone treatment showed statistically significant attenuation of all the oxidative stress parameters, in comparison with untreated counterparts. The overexpressed levels of NF-κB, TNF-α and COX-2 proteins in nephropathic rats were attenuated by zingerone. Histological examination of isolated kidneys confirmed the renoprotective effects of zingerone. Our results suggest that the antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of zingerone seem to be due to the combination of different actions: namely antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, inhibition of DM-induced oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, and down-regulation of NF-κB, TNF-α and COX-2 proteins in the kidney tissue.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it