Relative positions of the right internal jugular vein and the right common carotid artery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A dreaded complication of internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation is common carotid artery (CCA) puncture/cannulation, which has decreased, but not been eliminated, with ultrasound (US) guidance.1 Typically, with the head/neck in midline position, the IJV lies mostly lateral to the CCA.2 When the head is turned to the contralateral side for IJV cannulation, the IJV moves anteriorly and medially such that a considerable percentage of it now lies anterior to the CCA.2 3 Rarely, as shown in figure 1, the right IJV may lie completely anterior to the CCA when the head is turned to the left. With the landmark technique, the operator typically palpates the CCA and inserts the needle lateral to it. However, when the IJV is directly anterior to the CCA, the needle will likely miss the IJV. These factors potentially result in multiple attempts and increased risk of CCA puncture, pneumothorax, trauma and patient discomfort with landmark IJV cannulation. Using US, most clinicians obtain the short-axis view of the CCA and IJV. The short-axis image of the needle is seen as a dot on US, which may represent the needle tip or shaft. Failure to track the needle tip increases the risk of CCA puncture, especially when the CCA is entirely posterior to the IJV. These anatomical variations due to head rotation and US positioning highlight the importance of using US for cannulation and the importance of carefully tracking the needle tip. This risk may be mitigated by imaging the long axis of the needle (eg, study by Ho et al4). The relative positions of the right internal jugular vein and common carotid artery can change considerably depending on head and neck positioning (left panel: midline, right panel: head turned contralaterally by 45°) and ultrasound probe positioning. Not required.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".