Hybrid CHP/Geothermal Borehole System for Multi-Family Building in Heating Dominated Climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A conventional ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) can be used to supplement heat rejection or extraction, creating a hybrid system that is cost-effective for certainly unbalanced climes. This research explores the possibility for a hybrid GCHP to use excess heat from a combined heat power (CHP) unit of natural gas in a heating-dominated environment for smart cities. A design for a multi-family residential building is considered, with a CHP sized to meet the average electrical load of the building. The constant electric output of the CHP is used directly, stored for later use in a battery, or sold back to the grid. Part of the thermal output provides the building with hot water, and the rest is channeled into the GCHP borehole array to support the building’s large heating needs. Consumption and weather data are used to predict hourly loads over a year for a specific multi-family residence. Simulations of the energies exchanged between system components are performed, and a cost model is minimized over CHP size, battery storage capacity, number of boreholes, and depth of the borehole. Results indicate a greater cost advantage for the design in a severely heated (Canada) climate than in a moderately imbalanced (Ohio) climate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".