Hydrological response to warm and dry extremes in glacierized catchments: when and how are glaciers compensating?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extreme warm and dry summer conditions often cause low-flow situations due to the precipitation deficit and increased evapotranspiration. In glacierized catchments, however, the same extreme weather conditions can lead to a very different hydrological response, namely increased streamflow because of increased glacier melt. In larger combined rainfed and glacierfed catchments, meltwater from glaciers can, thus, buffer the adverse hydrological effects of warm and dry spells. The question is how much glacier cover in a catchment is needed to counterbalance the hydrological processes that cause a decline in streamflow. Moreover, due to climate change, glaciers have been retreating, which affects the hydrological response and the buffering effect of glaciers. In this study, we analysed long-term streamflow records of around 60 glacierized catchments in Switzerland, Austria, Norway and Canada with varying glacier coverage. In addition, a few catchments were modelled to analyse some extreme events in more detail and perform sensitivity tests. Warm and dry spells were selected based on weather data for the catchments and the corresponding hydrological responses were investigated. The events were analysed taking into account catchment characteristics, such as glacier cover and elevation information, and antecedent conditions, such as snowfall in winter and precipitation amounts in the period before the warm and dry event. Results show that during extreme warm and dry spells small glacier cover fractions (< 10%) can already alleviate the otherwise emerging streamflow drought. Moreover, we see a clustering of warm and dry periods in recent years and a decreasing trend of summer streamflow in many catchments. Antecedent conditions appear to shape the individual summer streamflow responses. Overall, understanding the hydrological responses to warm and dry spells is essential due to projected increases in weather extremes. Especially in glacierized catchments, our results imply that with changing glacier cover due to global warming, changes in the buffering capacity of glacierized catchments during warm and dry periods can be expected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".