Cycling into the future: Assessing attitudes towards e-bikes in a mid-sized, sprawled Canadian city
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cycling offers an alternative to carbon-intensive transportation, yet cycling rates in North America remain relatively low. Electric bicycles offer a low-barrier entry to cycling that have the potential to encourage a transition to more sustainable and healthy transportation modes. This research aims to fill a gap in research on e-bike use and adoption in a Canadian context. A survey was conducted to assess openness and attitudes to e-biking for transportation in Nanaimo, BC. Interviews with e-bike retailers were conducted to determine what trends can already be seen in Nanaimo. The results from the survey and interviews indicate a high level of interest in e-bikes by non-cyclists, but barriers such as cost and risk of theft may prevent pursuit of e-biking. Interview results suggest that e-bikes are gaining in popularity in Nanaimo, predominantly by older adults for recreational purposes, but also with younger adults who are interested in e-biking for transportation. Policy recommendations to encourage e-cycling are described at the end of the document.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".