In Situ Atomic‐Scale Observation of Reversible Potassium Storage in Sb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>@Carbon Nanowire Anodes
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Antimony trisulfide‐based materials have drawn growing attention as promising anode candidates for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) because of their high capacity and good working potential. Despite the extensive investigations on their electrochemical properties, the fundamental reaction mechanisms of Sb 2 S 3 anodes, especially the reaction kinetics, structural changes, and phase evolutions, remain controversial or even largely unknown. Here, using in situ transmission electron microscopy, the entire potassiation–depotassiation cycles of carbon‐coated Sb 2 S 3 single‐crystal nanowires are tracked in real time at the atomic scale. The potassiation of Sb 2 S 3 involves multistep reactions including intercalation, conversion, and two‐step alloying, and the final products are identified as cubic K 2 S and hexagonal K 3 Sb. These findings are confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Interestingly, a rocket‐launching‐like nanoparticle growth behavior is observed during alloying reactions, which is driven by the K + concentration gradient and release of stress. More impressively, the potassiated products (i.e., K 3 Sb and K 2 S) can transform into the original Sb 2 S 3 phase during depotassiation, indicating a reversible phase transformation process, as distinct from other metal chalcogenide based electrodes. This work reveals the detailed potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms of Sb 2 S 3 ‐based anodes and can facilitate the analysis of the mechanisms of other metal chalcogenide anodes in PIBs.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it