Decadal physical-biogeochemical changes in the Newfoundland and Labrador ecosystem
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Located on a crossroads of some of the main currents associated to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) shelves are specially affected by changes in large-scale ocean circulation. Such circulation changes impact not only the regional climate, but also the overall water masses composition, with consequences on physical conditions, nutrient availability, oxygen content, pH, etc. Systematic hydrographic observations of this system have been carried out by Canada and other countries since 1948. The observational program was reinforced in 1999 with the creation of the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP), ensuring enhanced seasonal coverage and new biogeochemical observations. In 2014, this monitoring was augmented with the monitoring of ocean acidification parameters. Here we review historical physical-biogeochemical changes on the NL shelves, with an emphasis on low frequency variability and cycles. Results suggest, for example, that the cold intermediate layer (CIL), a cold mid-depth layer that is a key feature of the NL ecosystem, exhibited profound changes during the last 70 years. In the mid 60's, the CIL was anomalously warm compared to the rest of the time series. This warm period was followed by a cold period centered in the early 90's. Historical salinity records also suggest that fresher waters are found during warmer years, and vice-versa. Nitrate/Phosphate ratios suggest recent changes in water masses composition towards less Arctic waters flowing on the shelves. This is concurrent with a reduction in nutrients concentration on the NL shelves since about 2012, together with changes in the strength of the Labrador Current along the shelf.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".