Evaluating on-eye wavefront aberrations of a soft contact lens with an optical design simulating orthokeratology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose : Orthokeratology (OK) has been shown to be effective in slowing myopia progression. The mechanism of action is hypothesized to be the resultant optical impact to the eye. However, a soft contact lens (SCL) designed to simulate the optical effect of OK (simOK) for myopia control was found to be ineffective in a randomized controlled myopia control trial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate on-eye wavefront aberrations of the simOK lens by comparing to that of successful OK patients.<br/><br/>Methods : Distance (4 m) and near (25 cm) wavefront aberrations were measured with an open-field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer in 8 OK-treated patients (bare eye only) and 20 non-OK subjects with bare eye (simOK-BE) and with simOK lens on-eye (simOK-LOE) between the age of 7 and 25 years. Zernike expansions of wavefront aberration functions to the 6th order were used to determine aberration coefficients for a series of pupil diameters. Zernike coefficient of primary spherical aberration (Z40), Root-Mean-Square (RMS) of 3rd order and total Higher Order Aberrations (HOA, 3rd – 6th orders) at a 5 mm aperture were compared between simOK-BE and SimOK-LOE and between OK and simOK-LOE. A general linear mixed model with a type I error of 0.05 was used for statistical analysis.<br/><br/>Results : Under a 5mm pupil and with a 4-m target, the means (SD) of Z40 were 0.054 (0.050), 0.350 (0.066), and 0.364 (0.212) microns in simOK-BE, simOK-LOE and OK, respectively. Compared to simOK-BE, Z40 was significantly increased with simOK-LOE with least-square-mean (LSM) difference of 0.297 micron (95% CI: 0.255, 0.338, p<0.001). There was no significant difference in Z40 between simOK-LOE and OK (LSM difference (95%CI): -0.034 micron (-0.148, 0.080), p=0.783). Similar results were found between conditions for near wavefront and for total 3rd order aberrations and total HOAs.<br/><br/>Conclusions : This exploratory study demonstrated that wearing SCL designed to simulate the optical impact of OK resulted in a significant increase of HOAs in the eye. The magnitude of HOAs, including primary spherical aberration and 3rd order aberrations, was similar to those of the OK patients. To fully characterize the on-eye optical performance of the simOK lens and understand the mechanism of action of OK, additional analysis of off-axis refraction and accommodative response with the simOK lens will be examined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".