The Impact of Conventions on Hotel Demand: Evidence from Indianapolis Using Daily Hotel Occupancy Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper uses daily hotel occupancy data for the Indianapolis metro area from STR to estimate the effect of multi-day conventions on hotel demand. In addition to multi-day conventions, we hand collect data on other major events such as the Indy 500 and major sporting events. Hotel demand is an important part of the economic activity generated by multi-day events because hotel rooms are largely occupied by out-of-town guests and represent new local economic activity. We look at the effect of conventions and other large events in Indianapolis on average daily room rates, revenue per room, demand, occupancy, and total revenue. We find large and statistically significant effects for multi-day conventions on hotel demand with very little evidence of crowding out. A single day of a multi-day convention brings in approximately $928,000 in additional hotel revenue. Our findings contribute to the literature on the economic impact of large events such as conventions and sporting events that attract out-of-town visitors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".