Understanding phase-transfer catalytic synthesis of fullerenol and its interference from carbon dioxide and ozone
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Phase-transfer catalytic reaction involving the use of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH) as catalyst and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution as the source of hydroxide ions is among the popular choices for synthesis of fullerenol, the polyhydroxylated fullerene. To further understand the process, two experiments were conducted to preliminarily explore the influences of the amount of TBAH and NaOH, respectively, in terms of the achieved level of hydroxylation (i.e. number of hydroxyl groups per fullerenol molecule). The process responded to the variation of the amount of TBAH (over a twofold series of 3–192 drops, average volume 0.0223 ± 0.0004 ml per drop) in a nonlinear manner with a local maximum achieved from 24 drops TBAH (giving 13 OH groups) and a local minimum from 48 drops (giving 8 groups). To the variation of the amount of NaOH (over the range of 0.5–8.0 ml NaOH), the fitted function of the process response resembled Freundlich adsorption isotherm, with an initially increasing trend before levelling off at 4.0 ml NaOH (giving 15 OH groups). It is therefore suggested that fullerene hydroxylation could be explained by liquid–solid adsorption. In addition, it was found that ambient carbon dioxide led to the existence of sodium carbonate in the bulk of the collected product (although not chemically bound). It was also discovered that ambient ozone adversely affected fullerenol synthesis by converting C60 fullerene into fullerene epoxide (C60O). The affected syntheses thus produced epoxide-containing fullerenol instead.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".