Coacervation Conditions and Cross-Linking Determines Availability of Carbonyl Groups on Elastin and its Calcification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During medial calcification, calcium phosphate minerals deposit in the medial layer of arteries, causing their stiffening. Although elastin (ELN) has been shown to be the main site for mineral deposition, the sites for mineral nucleation are not clear since ELN is nearly neutral, thus intrinsically lacking binding sites for Ca2+ or PO43–. Using a three-dimensional ELN hydrogel model, this study finds that binding of Ca2+ on the carbonyl groups initiates the mineralization. Coacervation and cross-linking, which are the two steps for the gel synthesis and also intrinsic processes for in vivo ELN fiber formation, are positively correlated with the mineralization. Both processes increase the percentage of exposed carbonyl groups that are available for Ca2+ binding and subsequent mineralization. This study provides insights into the initiation of ELN mineralization as well as a new perspective on the inherent weakness of elastic tissues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".