Superior Performance of Electrochemical Double Layer Supercapacitor Made with Asphaltene Derived Activated Carbon Fibers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High energy and power values are obtained from fabricated electrochemical double layer supercapacitor (EDLS) cells derived from asphaltene precursors, which are a solid by‐product of bitumen extraction in pentane solvents. Chemical activation, using dry KOH, is used to activate carbon fibers. Chemical activation introduces high specific surface areas (SSAs) into the fiber microstructure by partially etching the carbon. The electrodes are prepared by mixing activated fibers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and acetylene black to form flexible electrode films. The unique bimodal pore size distribution with large micropore and mesopore volumes (micropore volume as high as 0.88 cm 3 g −1 ), from chemical activation, generate high‐performance EDLS symmetric cells with capacitance values exceeding 310 F g −1 in aqueous electrolytes and 210 F g −1 in ionic liquid electrolytes (at a specific current of 40 mA g −1 ). A specific energy of 36 Wh kg −1 at a specific power of 525 W kg −1 is reached in ionic liquid electrolytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".