Galectin-9 inhibits B cell receptor (BCR) signaling by regulating BCR organization and mobility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
B cells are part of the adaptive immune system and secrete antibodies targeting foreign pathogen (referred to as antigen). B cells are activated by binding of antigen to the antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR), which initiates downstream signaling cascades necessary for the production of antibodies. Recent data from our lab identified that the glycan-binding lectin known as galectin-9 (Gal-9) binds to IgM-BCR and inhibits B cell activation. However, the molecular mechanism for Gal-9 mediated inhibition B cell activation is still unknown. In this study, we showed that exogenous Gal-9 reorganizes IgM-BCR into larger clusters within the Gal-9 lattice, and concomitantly immobilizes IgM. We also demonstrated that Gal-9 increases the density of inhibitory molecules including CD45 and CD22 together with IgM-BCR in the Gal-9 lattice, consistent with the inhibitory effect of Gal-9 on B cell activation. These findings elucidate a novel extracellular mechanism to regulate signal transduction through BCR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".