Total columns of freons retrieved from ground-based IR solar spectra measurements near Saint Petersburg, Russia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of the atmospheric total columns (TCs) of trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 (CFC-12), and chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 (HCFC-22) at the NDACC station St. Petersburg are considered. These gases are the most common representatives of a group of aliphatic organic compounds often called by the DuPont brandname "Freons". Since the 30-ies of the last century, they have been used in industrial applications as refrigerants and propellants. Due to their destructive effect on the ozone layer the production of CFC-11 and CFC-12 has been phased out under the Montreal Protocol entered into force in 1989, which led to the beginning of a decrease in their content. Nevertheless, they are still one of the major anthropogenic sources of active chlorine that destroys ozone in the stratosphere. HCFC-22 became a replacement for the most dangerous for ozone layer freons, but later it was also recognized as a dangerous compound for stratospheric ozone. Nowadays, the production and consumption of HCFC-22 are reduced and it is planned to be completely phased out. Therefore, the monitoring the content of freons in the atmosphere is very important. Although the content of freons is measured by satellite methods and the sampling method, only the ground-based IR method based on the measurement of IR solar radiation allows obtaining TCs of freons. A technique for ground-based measurements of the TCs of CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFH-22 has been developed. The technique is based on the ground-based measurements of solar IR spectra by IFS125HR instrument. For the processing of spectra, the SFIT4 software is used. The analyzed spectral windows are: 1160 – 1162 cm-1 for CFC-12, 828.75 – 829.4cm-1 for HCFC-22, and 830 – 860 cm-1 for CFC-11. Due to the wide spectral interval for CFC-11 retrieval, the preliminary measured spectral transmission function of the instrument filter, the water vapor continuum, and the absorption of radiation by an ice on the MCT detector are taken into account as well. Systematic and random errors of TCs retrieval are estimated as 7.4% and 2.9% for the CFC-11 TCs, 5.0% and 3.7% for the CFC-12 TCs, and 2.0% and 2.7% for the HCFH -22 TCs. Estimates of TCs above Saint Petersburg have been obtained using the developed technique for the period of 2009 – 2019. The variability during a day is of 0.8, 0.9, and 3.7 %, the total variabilitiey for 2009 – 2019 is of 3.7, 2.4 and 5.6%, for CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22, respectively. Trend estimates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and HCFC-22 for 2009 –2019 are –0.31±0.07%, –0.45 ± 0.06% and +2.2 ± 0.14%, respectively, which are consistent with data from other authors. In recent years, a tendency toward a decrease of HCFC-22 TCs in the atmosphere above St. Petersburg has been observed, that can be associated with the restriction of HCFC-22 production and use. Acknowledgements Measurements of solar radiation were performed with the equipment of the resource center "Geomodel". The investigation was supported by grant 18-05-00426 of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".