Wide Frequency Band Single-Phase Amplitude and Phase Angle Detection Based on Integral and Derivative Actions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous applications, such as the synchronization of distributed energy resources to an existing AC grid, the operation of active power filters or the amplification of signals for Power-Hardware-In-The-Loop (PHIL) systems require a few tasks in common. Amplitude, phase angle and frequency detection are crucial for all these applications and many more. Various techniques are presented for three-phase and single-phase applications but only a few of them are able to identify the signals’ attributes for a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes. Single-phase systems are typically burdensome, considering the challenge to create an internal signal, orthogonal with the input, in order to perform the phase angle detection. This matter is even more critical when the amplitude and frequency of the input signal varies in a wide range. This paper presents an Orthogonal Signal Generator (OSG) based on integral and derivative actions. It includes a detailed design procedure and a design example. The performance of a single-phase wide range amplitude and frequency detector based on the discussed OSG is experimentally validated under steady state and dynamic conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".