Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Secular Roots of Islamic Law in Malaysia "In a nation-state, the state is itself the only true repository of legal authority, the monopolization of which, by definition, it ever so zealously guards."-Sherman Jackson (1996: xiv) " . . .not every divergent understanding of law is sufficient to withstand the coercive power of the state." 1 -Robert Cover (1983: 51) Malaysia ranks sixth out of 198 countries worldwide in the degree of restrictions on the free practice of religion, surpassing even Saudi Arabia (Pew Research Center 2017).In another measure, the Government Involvement in Religion Index, only ten countries worldwide have a higher ranking than Malaysia. 2Malaysian law requires Muslims to attend Friday prayer, to fast during Ramadan, and to abide by dietary restrictions all year long.Drinking, gambling, and "sexual deviance" are prohibited, as is interfaith marriage and conversion out of Islam. 3 But over and above these rules and regulations, it is the state's monopoly on religious interpretation that is the most striking feature of Malaysian law.Once recorded in the official Gazette, fatwas from state-appointed officials assume the force of law and public expression of alternate views is criminalized. 4From this vantage point, Malaysia appears as a religious state,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".