Assessing sulfur fertilizer response in Ontario's corn, soybean, and winter wheat crops
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reduced sulfur deposition levels and increasing crop yields are causing sulfur nutrition concerns for Ontario corn, soybean, and winter wheat crops. Randomized complete block field trials were completed at 28 southern Ontario site-years in 2018 and 2019 to determine the incidence and extent of grain yield response to sulfur fertilization in these species. Sulfur was spring applied as a sulfate or thiosulfate fertilizer source. Corn and winter wheat displayed significant sulfur-induced yield increases at two of five and three of eight site-years, respectively, with soybean providing no definitive response across 15 experiments. Significant profitable response was realized at one corn and one winter wheat trial. However, economic analyses averaged across sites did not show significant profit from sulfur for any of the three crops. Ontario-specific diagnostic tools are needed to predict corn, soybean, and winter wheat field sites that will deliver profitable response to sulfur fertilization within a given season.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".