All-Dry Synthesis of Single Crystal NMC Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single crystal (SC) cathode materials with a layered structure are considered to be state-of-the-art for lithium ion batteries. However, their production involves many steps and can produce large amounts of wastewater. Here we report an all-dry method for making SC cathode materials, with LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (SC-NMC) used as a specific example. It was found that a SC-NMC precursor in the form of a previously unobserved rock-salt (Ni, Mn, Co)O solid solution phase can be made phase pure by ball milling. This demonstrates that precursors with atomic scale mixing can be achieved by dry methods. It is furthermore shown that large precursor particle sizes are not necessary to form large SC-NMC particles, as is commonly believed. Instead, large crystallites could just as easily be made from submicron precursors by adjusting the sintering time in air. As a result, highly crystalline SC-NMC with precisely controlled average crystallite sizes ranging from ∼2–10 μ m could be made from submicron precursor powders made using an all-dry process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".