Time-resolved imaging of pulsed positive nanosecond discharge on water surface: plasma dots guided by water surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Pulsed nanosecond discharges at atmospheric pressure produce non-thermal plasmas that can be used in various applications. The dynamics of such discharges are highly dependent on experimental conditions, particularly the propagation medium. In this study, pulsed nanosecond discharges in air in-contact with deionized water are investigated, and the dynamics of plasma emission are studied using an ultrafast imaging technique. Depending on the magnitude of the applied voltage, two discharge modes are observed: (i) highly-organized filaments and (ii) intense and less-organized plasma filaments that superimpose to the organized ones. Based on the acquired 1 ns resolved images, the highly-organized filaments can be considered as plasma dots that propagate at the water surface with velocities in the order of hundreds of km s −1 . Detailed analyses of the dots number, by imaging, and of the discharge properties, by current–voltage characteristics, reveal that the charge of each dot is constant (3–5 nC), irrespective of the experimental conditions. After being compared with the plasma bullets, usually produced by jets, the analyzed dots are proposed as plasma quanta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".