Ground-based and satellite measurements of the SO2 plume from the eruption of Raikoke volcano in June 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The eruption of the Raikoke volcano (Kuril Islands) on June 21-22, 2019, created a large plume of sulfur dioxide (SO2) that reached the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The plume persisted in the atmosphere over the middle and high latitudes of the Western Hemisphere for more than a month creating a rare validation opportunity with multiple collocated measurements from ground and space both revealing enhanced SO2 vertical column densities (VCDs). Moreover, since the plume was often located over high latitudes, multiple orbits per day from the polar orbiting satellites could be utilized. Pandora sunphotometer measurements at Edmonton and Eureka, Canada, and at Fairbanks, Alaska, and Brewer spectrophotometer measurements at seven Canadian sites (Saturna, Edmonton, Churchill, Resolute, Eureka, and Alert) reported SO2 values up to 15 Dobson Units (DU, where 1 DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules/cm²). These measurements were compared with satellite SO2 VCDs obtained by the Sentinel 5p TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), AURA Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and Suomi NPP Ozone Mapping Profiling Suite (OMPS). Back-trajectory Lagrangian model analysis and satellite SO2 profile measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment mission Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE/FTS) on board the Canadian satellite SCISAT demonstrated that the volcanic plume was located at 8-25 km. In general, ground-based and satellite measurements show a very good agreement. However, the exact ground-based and satellite viewing geometry should be considered when such measurements are taken near the edge of the plume.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".