Overcharging dilaton black holes in (2 + 1) dimensions to extremality and beyond
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We test whether static charged dilaton black holes in [Formula: see text] dimensions can be turned into naked singularities by sending in test particles from infinity. We derive that overcharging is possible and generic for both extremal and nearly extremal black holes. Our analysis also implies that nearly extremal charged dilaton black holes can be continuously driven to extremality and beyond, unlike nearly extremal Ban̆ados–Teitelboim–Zanelli, Kerr and Reissner–Nordström black holes which are overspun or overcharged by a discrete jump. Thus, the weak form of the cosmic censorship conjecture and the third law of black hole thermodynamics are both violated in the interaction of charged dilaton black holes in [Formula: see text] dimensions, with test particles. We also derive that there exist no points, where the heat capacity vanishes or diverges in the transition from black holes to naked singularities. The phase transitions that could potentially prevent the formation of naked singularities do not occur.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".