Fatty acid esters of azaspiracids identified in mussels (Mytilus edulis) using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are lipophilic polyether toxins produced by Azadinium and Amphidoma species of marine microalgae. The main dinoflagellate precursors AZA1 and AZA2 are metabolized by shellfish to produce an array of AZA analogues. Many marine toxins undergo fatty acid esterification in shellfish, therefore mussel tissues contaminated with AZAs were screened for intact fatty acid esters of AZAs using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Acyl esters were primarily observed for AZAs containing hydroxy groups at C-3 with 3-O-palmitoylAZA4 identified as the most abundant acyl ester, while other fatty acid esters including 18:1, 16:1, 17:0, 20:2 and 18:0 acyl esters were detected. The structures of these acyl derivatives were determined through LC-MS/MS experiments, and supported by periodate cleavage reactions and semi-synthesis of palmitate esters of the AZAs. Esters of the hydroxy groups at C-20 or C-21 were not observed in mussel tissue. The relative proportion of the most abundant AZA ester was less than 3% of the sum of the major free AZA analogues. These findings reveal an additional metabolic pathway for AZAs in shellfish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".