Multi-crack detection in general cross-section swept wings based on natural frequency changes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, a multi-crack detection method, which is based on natural frequency changes and the concept of modal strain energy, is for the first time developed for the general cross-section swept tapered wings under coupled bending-torsional vibration and applied to the solid and thin-walled airfoil cross-section wings. The presented method is able to handle the problems with an unknown number of cracks and predicts the number of existent cracks, their locations and depths by optimization of an appropriate objective function. The stress intensity factors of airfoil-shaped crack surfaces are obtained using an approximation method. Inputs of the detection method are natural frequencies of uncracked and cracked wings which are calculated by using a mathematical model and finite element method software ANSYS, respectively, and validated by comparison with former research studies. In the mathematical model, the Rayleigh–Ritz method is used to calculate the coupled bending-torsional mode shapes of the uncracked wing and their corresponding natural frequencies. Results demonstrate that the proposed method has precisely predicted the number, locations and depths of cracks in all case studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".