Exploring the Reversibility of Phase Transformations in Aluminum Anodes through Operando Light Microscopy and Stress Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aluminum is well-known to possess attractive properties for possible use as an anode material in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), but effort is still needed to understand how and why it degrades. Herein, investigations of the delithiation and the re-lithiation processes in Al thin films using an established operando light microscopic platform are pursued. Operando videos highlight that the extraction of Li from the β phase (LiAl) is accompanied by fracture and crack formation leading to the detachment of the α phase (Al) from the rest of the electrode. The evolution of mechanical stress in Al thin film electrodes is tracked and shows severe stress asymmetry as phase transformations progress. Combining with the observations from light and electron microscopy, the mechanical stress during dealloying can be explained by Li solubility with the β phase, formation of cracks and of a highly porous Al nanostructure. Although the results pave a difficult path for utilization of the Al/LiAl/Al (α/β/α) phase transformations in future LIBs, they also suggest excellent opportunities when structural changes can be prevented, which otherwise impact the stability of Al-based electrodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".